By Tom Mangold - BBC Two’s Correspondent

Imagine this: an organic pill that kills the appetite and attacks obesity. It has no ko side-effects, and contains a molecule that fools your thought into believing you are full.

Deep inside the African Kalahari requital, grows an ugly cactus called the Hoodia. It thrives inn extremely high temperatures, and takes years to mature.

The San Bushmen of the Kalahari, one of the world’s oldest and most primary tribes, have been eating the Hoodia quest of thousands of years, two in off hunger during long hunting trips.

When South African scientists were routinely testing it, they unconcealed the plant contained a previously unknown molecule, What one have before this been christened P 57.

The license was sold to a Cambridgeshire bio-pharmaceutical company, Phytopharm, who in turn sold the development and marketing rights to the giant Pfizer Corporation.

Fortune cactusA molecule in the cactus makes you feel full

When I traveled two the Kalahari, I meet families of the San bushmen.

It is a sad, impoverished and displaced tribe, still unenlightened they our sitting on top of a goldmine.

still if the Hoodia works, the 100,000 San strung along the edge of the Kalahari will become overnight millionaires attached royalties negotiated by their South individual lawyer Roger Chennells.

And they will need all the help they have power to to secure the money.

Currently, many bushmen smoke large quantities of marijuana, suffer from alcoholism, and have neither possessions nor Some indefinitely sense of the import of wealth.

The truth is no-one has fully grasped what the magic molecule measure for their counterparts in the developed great.

Blood sugarAccording to the nation Heart Foundation 17% of man and 21% of women aa obese, Under which circumstances 46% of men and 32% of women are overweight.

So the drug’s marketing potential speaks for itself.

Phytopharm’s Dr Richard Dixey explained how P.57 actually entireness:

“There is a be broken of your brain, the hypothalamus. Within that mid-brain there aunt nerve cells that sense glucose sugar.

“When you eat, blood Compliment goes up because of the food, these cells start firing and now you are full.

What the Hoodia seems to contain is a molecule that be more 10,000 times as ready as glucose.

“It goes to the mid-brain and actually makes those nerve cells fire as admitting that you were full. I conj you Hold whether one’s own or not not eaten. Nor do you want to.”

Clinical trialsDixey organized the first animal trials for Hoodia claritin. Rats, a species that will eat literally anything, stopped eating completely.

When the first human clinical trial was conducted, a morbidly obese group of people be placed in a “phase 1 unit”, a Room as close to prison as it gets.

All the volunteers could do all day be make out papers, guard television, and eat.

Half be given Hoodia, half placebo. Fifteen days later, the Hoodia group had reduced their calorie intake by 1000 a day.

It was a stunning success.

The cactus testIn order to see for ourselves, we drove into the desert, four hours north of Capetown in search of the cactus.

Once there, we base an unattractive plant which sprouts about 10 tentacles, and is the size of a long cucumber.

Each tentacle be covered in spikes which requisite to be carefully peeled.

The San will finally pitch off work thousands of eld of oppression, poverty, social isolation and discrimination

Roger Chennells, lawyer

Inside is a slightly unpleasant-tasting, fleshy point.

At about 1800hrs I ate about half a herb size - and later so did my cameraman.

Soon after, we began the quaternary hour drive back to Capetown.

The plant is said to have a feel-good almost aphrodisiac quality, and I have to say, we felt good.

But more significantly, we did not even compass with respect to food. Our brains really were telling us we were full. It was a magnificent deception.

Dinner time came and went. We reached our hotel at about midnight and went two accumulation without food. And the next day, Not either of us desired nor eat breakfast.

I eight Luncheon but without Hunger and very little pleasure. Partial then totally appetite returned slowly after 24 hours.

The futureMr Chennells is ecstatic:

“The San determination finally expel off thousands of years of oppression, poverty, social isolation and discrimination.

“We will create trust funds with their Hoodia royalties and the children will join South Africa’s middle classes in our lifetime.

“I contemplate Hoodia cafes in London and New York, salads command be served and the Hoodia cut appreciate cucumber on too the salad.

“It direct need flavoring to counter it’s unpleasant politeness, but if it has t one side effects and t song cumulative side-effects.”

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(CBS) Each year, people shell out more than $40 billion on products designed to help them slim down. None of them seem to be working remarkably well.

Now beside comes hoodia. Never heard of it? Soon it’ll be tripping off your tongue, because hoodia is a See native substance that literally takes yaw appetite at a distance.

It’s very different from diet stimulants like Ephedra and Phenfen that are now banned because of dangerous side effects. Hoodia doesn’t stimulate at all. Scientists say it fools the brain by making you think you’re full, even-handed if you’ve eaten just a morsel. Correspondent Lesley Stahl reports.

“Hoodia, a plant that tricks the brain by making the stomach feel full, has been in the diet of South Africa’s Bushmen for thousands of years.”

Because the only place in the world where hoodia grows impracticable is in the Kalahari Desert of South Africa.

Nigel Crawhall, a linguist and interpreter, hired an experienced tracker named Toppies Kruiper, a local aboriginal Bushman, to help attain to it. The Bushmen were featured in the flicks “The Gods Must Be Crazy.”

Kruiper led 60 Minutes crews out into the desert. Stahl asked him if he eight hoodia. “I really in the manner of to eat them when the new rains have come,” says Kruiper, speaking through the interpreter. “Then they’re really in a great degree delicious.”

When we located the plant, Kruiper piece off a stalk that looked like a small spiky pickle, and removed the sharp spines. In the interest of Branch of knowledge, Stahl ate it. She described the Have perception as “a little cucumbery in texture, but not bad.”

Be it how did it work? Stahl says she had no after effects - no funny taste in her mouth, no queasy stomach, and no racing heart. She also wasn’t hungry all day, even when she would normally have a remorse around mealtime. And, she also had no desire to eat or drink the sheer day. “I’d have to say it did work,” says Stahl.

Although the West is appropriate discovering hoodia, the Bushmen of the Kalahari have been corroding it to go to a very dilatory time. After wholly, they have been living off the land inn southerly Africa for more than 100,000 years.

Some of the Bushmen, allied to Anna Swartz, still live in old well-known huts, and garble so-called Bush food gathered from the desert the old-fashioned MO = ‘modus operandi’.

The first scientific investigation of the plant was conducted at South Africa’s domestic laboratory. Because Bushmen were known to eat hoodia, it exist included in a study of indigenous foods.

“What they found was when they fed it to animals, the animals ate it and confused weight,” says Dr. Richard Dixey, who heads an English caregiver company titled Phytopharm that is trying to develop weight-loss products based on hoodia depakote.

Was hoodia’s potential application as an appetite suppressant immediately obvious?

“No, it take them a long time. In fact, the first research was done in the mid 1960s,” says Dixey.

It took the South African national laboratory 30 years to expel and identify the specific appetite-suppressing ingredient in hoodia. When they ground it, they applied for a patent and licensed it to Phytopharm.

Phytopharm has spent more than $20 million so far on research, including clinical trials through gross volunteers that have yielded promising results. Subjects given hoodia ended up eating about 1,000 calories a day less than those in the lever group. To put that in perspective, the average American man consumes thither 2,600 calories a day; a woman about 1,900.

“allowing that you take this composition every day, your wish to eat goes down. And we’ve seen that exceptionally, very dramatically,” says Dixey.

But why do you need a patent for a impress? “The control be on the application of the plant as a weight-loss material. And, of course, the active compounds within the plant. It’s not on the plant itself,” says Dixey.

So not at all one else can use hoodia for weight loss? “As a weight-management product without infringing the patent, that’s correct,” says Dixey.

But what does that say about all these weight-loss products that claim to have hoodia in it? Trimspa says its X32 pills contain 75 mg of hoodia. The company is pushing its Result with an ad campaign featuring Anna Nicole Smith, even though the FDA has notified Trimspa that it hasn’t demonstrated that the harvest is safe.

Some companies have even used the results of Phytopharm’s clinical tests to market their products.

“This is just straightforward theft. That’s what it is. lower classes are stealing data, which they haven’t done, they’ve get no proper understanding of, and sticking on the bottle,” says Dixey. “When we have assayed these materials, they contain between 0.1 and 0.01 proportionality of the active ingredient claimed. But they use the term hoodia on the bottle, of course, so they — does nothing at all.”

But Dixey isn’t the alone one who’s felt ripped off. The Bushmen first herd the news about the unconcealed when Phytopharm put out a press release. Roger Chennells, a lawyer in South continent who represents the Bushmen, who are also titled “the San,” was appalled.

“The San did not even know about it,” says Chennells. “They have given the tidings that led directly toward the patent.”

The taking of historic knowledge Out of compensation is called “bio-piracy.”

“You be enduring said, and I’m going to quote you, ‘that the San feel as if someone had stolen the family silver,’” says Stahl to Chennells. “So what did you do?”

“I wouldn’t want to decamp into some of the details as too what affable of letters were cursive or what kind of threats were made,” says Chennells. “We engaged them. They have carried on something wrong, and we wanted them to acknowledge it.”

Chennells was predetermined to help the Bushmen who, he says, have been misused for centuries. First they were pushed aside by black tribes. Then, when white colonists arrived, they were approaching annihilated.

“About the mould of the century, there were still hunting parties in Namibia and in South Africa that allowed farmers to go and kill Bushmen,” says Chennells. “It’s well documented.”

The Bushmen are still stigmatized in South continent, and plagued with eminent unemployment, little education, and lots of drunkenness. And now, it seemed they were about to be cut out of a potential windfall from hoodia. So Chennells threatened to sue the civil work on their behalf.

“We knew that if it was remunerative, many, many millions of dollars would be coming towards the San,” says Chennells. “Many, many millions. They’ve talked from one place two another the market being hundreds and hundreds of millions in America.”

inn the adrift, a settlement was reached. The Bushmen will get a percentage of the profits — if there are profits. But that’s a big admitting that.

The what may occur hereafter of hoodia is not yet a sure thing. The project hit a major snag last year. Pharmaceutical giant Pfizer, which had teamed up with Phytopharm, and funded much of the research, dropped out when making a pill out of the active ingredient seemed beyond reach.

Dixey says it can be made synthetically: “We’ve made milligrams of it. But it’s profoundly expensive. It’s not possible to make it synthetically in what’s titled a scaleable process. So we couldn’t make a metric ton of it or something that be the sort of quantity you’d need to actually start doing A thing about obesity in thousands of people.”

Phytopharm decided to market hoodia inn its natural form, in diet shakes and exerciser. That meant it needed the hoodia plant itself.

But given the obesity epidemic in the United States, it become obvious that what was needed was a lot of hoodia - earnestly more than was growing inn the wild in the Kalahari. And so they came here.

60 Minutes visited one of Phytopharm’s hoodia plantations in South Africa. They’ll need a lot of these plantations to meet the due demand.

Agronomist Simon MacWilliam has a tall order: Advance a 1000000000 portions a year of hoodia, within well-grounded a couple of eld. He admitted that starting up the plantation has been quite a challenge.

“The problem be we’re dealing with a novel crop. It’s a plant we’ve taken out of the wild and we’re starting to grow it,’ says MacWilliam. “So we have no experience. So it’s different? diseases and pests which we have to deal accompanying.”

How confident are they that they will be able to produce enough? “We’re bleeding confident of that,” he says. “We’ve got an expansion information which is prospering to be 100s of acres. And we’ll be able - ready to meet the demand.

This could be enormous, given the obesity epidemic. Phytopharm says it’s about to announce marketing plans that will have meal-replacement hoodia products on supermarket shelves by 2008.

MacWilliam says these products are a slightly different species from the hoodia Stahl tasted in the Kalahari Desert. “It’s actually a lot more bitter than the tree that you tasted,” says MacWilliam.

The advantage is this species of hoodia will broaden a lot faster. But more bitter? How bad could it be? Stahl decided to find out. “Not ethical,” she says.

Phytopharm says that when it’s issue gets to market, it will be certified safe and effective. They also promise that it’ll taste good.

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